Group Response Techniques Essay Example for Free

Group Response Techniques Essay Active student responding is a critical component of effective instruction in class room . One low tech strategy developed to facilitate active student responding during group instruction involves the use of response cards . Typically this approach involves the teacher asking questions during instruction and having each student write down his / her answers on the response cards and then display those responses for the teacher feedback and corrective action. This paper is to evaluate that response cards is a more effective group response technique than the hand raising technique and other techniques. During hand raising , a student who raised his/her hand is called upon to answer the question posed by the teacher . During response card techniques , each student is asked to display his/her answer on the response card provided to him/her . The frequency of active student response was higher with the response cards than the hand raising technique Introduction Group response techniques are those techniques through which a group of students or Participants can answer to a question rather than individually in a classroom activity or session. Students are considered to be actively engaged in a class room session when they respond in a group , and its a sign that they are likely to learn the material being taught to them . The teacher can observe the students response to get a immediate feedback about whether the majority of students in the class are able to truly understand the academic content . There are three group response techniques 1. Response Cards 2. Choral Response 3. Hand raising Response cards: In this technique students respond as a group by displaying their response cards which displays their answers to the question posed by the teacher. Choral response: In this technique the students in a class or group respond orally in unison to the question posed by the teacher . Hand raising: In this technique, the teacher asks the question before calling upon an individual student who raised his/her hand. Why only response cards is preferred ? The use of response cards is one strategy that has shown promising initial results for increasing the frequency of active student response and sequent academic achievements during large group instructions . Response cards are reusable cards held up simultaneously by each student to indicate his or her answer. In this paper we will study about response cards in comparison with hand raisings , We will be comparing the factors like: (a) frequency of active student response (b) accuracy of student responses (c) teacher presentation rate Response cards As told earlier, Response cards is one type of group response techniques in which students respond as a group by displaying response cards which displays their answers to the question posed by the teacher. There are two response card formats. 1. cards with pre printed response choices 2. cards on which students write their response The teacher should introduce response cards by explaining and demonstrating their use and importance , letting the students to practice the response procedure so that they get familiar and proficient in using them . The teacher should maintain a quick , lively pace through the lesson , providing clues to the students about when to use response cards appropriately. Some students may inevitably display a wrong answer, then the teacher/instructor should focus on and provide feedback for the majority response Performance feedback: In giving feedback, the teacher should give information about whether the majority class response is correct , and immediately provide the correct response and supporting explanation if a significant number of students answered incorrectly . Those items missed by many students should be presented again later in the lesson to ensure that students have learned the material after corrective feedback. The instructor should also praise students periodically for appropriate and prompt use of the group response format. Additionally, The teacher should acknowledge and validate answers that differ from the instructor’s but could still be considered correct. Survey A study has been conducted in fifth grade classroom in an elementary school . There were 13 boys and 11 girls in the class, five students were selected for observation after consultation with their regular teacher . The target 5 students have been divide into two groups of 3 and 2 students each (sometimes this type of division can be considered as triangulation) ,and the student in each group were observed on the alternating trails . The class room is equipped with an overhead projector and screen . The questions to be asked are screened on the screen using projector . Using projector and screen had made the process of questioning the students more easier than the conventional way of questioning. The study involves two sessions: 1. HAND RAISING TECHNIQUES SESSION During Hand raising sessions the teacher poses a set of questions to the students, one of the students who raise their hand is called upon to give the response. In this technique only one student is involved in giving the response while the other students sit idle in the class . The teacher provides a praise for each correct response (e. g. , â€Å"Excellent [student’s name] ,The sun is a star. †) and a corrective feedback for incorrect response(e. g. ,† No, the answer is the sun, The sun is a star. †) The feedback procedure controls the number of times the students write/hear the correct answer to each instruction. 2. RESPONSE CARD SESSION Presentation and question asking procedures during the response card sessions were identical to those during the Hand raising sessions. For each student a laminated card is provided on which he/she has to write his/her response to the teachers question. After visually scanning all of the response cards held up by the students, the teacher provides a praise or a corrective feedback. If every one’s response in the class is correct the teacher addresses the feedback to whole class(e. g. , â€Å"Good class, water vapor in the atmosphere is a gas. †) and if some of the student responses are wrong the teacher addresses a feedback to the class (e. g. , â€Å" I see that many of you have gas as the answer . That is correct. Water vapor in atmosphere is gas. â€Å") and if no one gives correct response the teacher addresses a corrective feedback to the class ( e. g. , â€Å" I don’t see the correct answer . The correct answer is gas . Water vapor in atmosphere is a gas. †). As in Hand raising phases the feedback procedure controls the number of times the students write/hear the correct answer to each instruction in response card phase also . Results of the study During HR (hand raising) ,the average number of times the target student raised his/her hand was 9. 9 . The number of responses by the target student during HR averaged 1. 5 per session (the period of questioning) , when RC (response cards) were used , each target student responded to the teacher’s question an average of 21. 8 times per session, that’s a 14 fold increase . Overall, the students as a group orally responded 53 times to 1,103 questions posed in Hand raising phase and 68 times to 1,103 questions posed in the response card phase. So the frequency of the active students response was determined to be higher with response cards than with Hand raising technique. The accuracy of student responses during HR and RC are 92% and 93% respectively. Problems associated with response card techniques Q. When we use response cards in a class , we may notice that some students copy the responses from their neighbors’ cards instead of thinking of their own answers. What should we do then? Response cards provide children with a means of getting actively involved in the lesson. Therefore, children should not be discouraged from looking at each others cards, even if they appear to be copying the response of other students . Rather, the teacher should interpret this student behavior as a possible sign that the child may be confused about the task or may not yet have a firm grasp on the material being presented. In their instance, the instructor can make arrangements to provide the child with additional instruction and guidance as needed . Another problem associated with response cards is , the student may not be very sure of the spellings in his/ her response , so sometimes they try to hide their response instead of showing them up . So students shouldn’t be charged against such kind of mistakes. It should be made clear well before the question is posed that they wouldn’t be held against for such kind of mistakes . Instead ,their answers should be validated in spite of any spelling or grammatical mistakes . And in order to reduce the spelling difficulties , the instructor could : (1) Have students ‘pre practice’ the spelling of new vocabulary words prior to the lesson . (2) Post unfamiliar spelling terms on the board/ screen for students to refer to as they write their responses. (3) Encourage students to try their best in spelling their responses but reassure them that misspellings will not be counting against them. Discussions 1) Response cards allow the teacher to teach facts and definitions more effectively than any other group response techniques. 2) The rate of students’ academic content learning ability is more in RC than other techniques . 3) This technique is more reliable in increasing the frequency of active student response. 4) Response cards are less disruptive and stays more on task unlike hand raising technique. 5) The disadvantage of not being called upon in hand raising techniques is not present in response cards. So every student gets involved in the class. 6) There is more fun involved in this technique than the other techniques , so students will actively participate in the class instead of sitting idle . Response card techniques is replicable by any teacher as it involves no difficulty in implementing it in the class rooms. In fact they provide better results than other group response techniques . But the teachers shouldn’t handle the students in a rigor manner . Strictness , Harshness, Severity should be ruled out while dealing with students. Students preferences During the end of the study, personal interviews are conducted for students and many students said they preferred response card over hand raising as the response card helped them in learning more academic content than Hand raising did. Conclusion The study has proved that the use of response cards is most effective than other group response techniques because it has got more advantages than the other techniques illustrated in the paper and also it helps the students in increasing the learning ability , and makes more students to involve in the class room sessions more actively. References Heward. W. L (1996). Three low tech strategies for increasing the frequency of active student response during group instruction In R. Gardner ,D. M. Sainato,J. OCooper,T. E. Heron,W. L. Heward,J. W. Eshelman,T. A. Grossi (Eds) Behavior analysis in education :focus on measurably superior instruction(pp. 283-320). Pacific Grove ,CA:Brooks/Cole Journal of applied behavior analysis, 1994, spring ,R. Gardner, W. L. Heward, T. A. Grossi Teaching of psychology, Taylor and Francis group, Routledge publishers Meta analysis and research on response cards: Effects on test achievements, Randolph journal of positive behavior interventions. 2007,9:113-238

The Importance And Significance Of Self Awareness Social Work Essay

The Importance And Significance Of Self Awareness Social Work Essay Self awareness, according to Wong (2003), means recognition of our personality, strengths and weaknesses and likes and dislikes. As a social worker, self awareness is an essential element to prepare oneself to encounter the clients personal matter, their attitudes, thoughts, etc. The essay is going to discuss the importance and significance of self awareness. Then talk about what I have learnt about myself, in terms of my personalities, attitudes, strengths, limitations and how my past experiences affect me. Finally correlate how self awareness can help my professional development as a social worker. According to Rothman (1999), everyone has its own attitudes or viewpoints towards something. Our thoughts and values are shaped during the time of infancy, childhood, adolescence and adulthood. These thinking may be based on our own experiences, education received or society influences. It is clear that our past experiences, social norms, values from the others, characteristics, prejudices or stereotypes shape Knowing how my past experiences influence my own values helps me to be more aware of my own self. Having an uncle who committed suicide that made my family, especially my grandmother, sad and miserable, I personally hate people who have the intention to end up their lives. However, this hatred may make me unable to make the most appropriate decision when a client who has the will to commit suicide seeks help from me. Moreover, as suggested by Biestek (1961), the relationship between the social worker and the client has been called the soul of casework. It may be hard for me to develop appropriate relationship with the client. It is possible that I will have uncontrolled emotional involvement and judgmental attitudes towards the client. Without self awareness and knowing what experiences shape my thoughts, I will experience difficulty in providing sensitive and skillful services to the clients. I may also unknowingly reject the client and avoid talking too much about death unconscious ly. However, by knowing what experiences are affecting my values and thoughts, Rothman (1999) suggested that it assists the worker to work with clients, and to control and minimize the influences of personal attitudes and beliefs that may be harmful and prejudicial toward clients. Prejudices, biases and stereotypes may be great barriers on my professional development. It is common that when come to minorities such as prostitutes, homosexuals or the street sleepers, people may regard their behaviors as unethical. It may due to their personal values, cultural, religious and other beliefs which people take for granted to adopt when facing these issues. I also have prejudices and stereotypes on them and they may be expressed in conversations, acts or behaviours since they are hidden in the subconscious as suggested by Rothman (1999). I may unknowingly have words that harm them and make them defensive or not trust in me. Thus making it hard to develop good relationship with the client and hard to have intervention processes. For example, I have been exposed to a strong heterosexual bias and may incorporate some homophobic reactions such as discomfort or hatred of homosexual people. Without self-awareness and knowledge, I may not be able to provide skillful services to gay or lesbian clients. If a worker has religious belief, he or she may even have a strong belief that homosexuality is a sin. According to Sheafor and Morales (2007), one of the competences required for social work practice is the capacity to engage in ethnic-, gender- and age-sensitive practice. In order to achieve this, it is essential for a worker to find ways and methods to separate their personal belief system from their professional values, ethics and roles. Knowing my strengths and weaknesses also helps me with my professional development. I am glad and patient to listen to others. At the same time, I am also empathetic to others experiences and difficulties. It makes the clients feel being respected and thus it is easier to develop a proper client-worker relationship. It is of utmost importance that the client trust you Reflecting on our own experiences and developmental stages helps when working with clients. For example, I was shy and not willing to express my care towards others in my childhood. And I would have no opportunity to show my love to my grandmother who died years ago. The losses in my life make me re-think the way I used to be and strive for a change, that is, be more outgoing and caring to others. I can thus draw on my personal experience when working with young people and guide them in the changing process. However, it also makes me consider my limitations, that is, when working with elderly clients. I can relate my experience that is similar to a teenagers, however, it is impossible for me to have certain difficulties faced by elderly clients such as the aging process. As suggested by Berman-Rossi(2001), a social worker thus must develop aging relevant knowledge, self awareness, sensitivity and skill. Knowledge about aging demographics, age-related changes and developmental tasks i s essential. Although there are limitations to my service provided, there are ways to minimize the inadequacy. Increased openness to other ways of thinking My family is a blissful one, sometimes having some conflicts but still harmonious on the whole. I once thought that it is normal to have the kind of family like mine, and at least most of the families are alike. However, it is wrong as there are diversities in family structure. Some families are single-parented, while some may have huge communication problems among family members or having family members that are drug addicts that greatly affects the family. Sharing own feelings and thoughts among a group of peers helps to make up ones own viewpoint towards the population. By listening and sharing, one can know more about the peers attitudes on the issue, to examine their own attitudes and to exchange opinions in an overview. One can also have a broader view on an issue and Social workers must confront their own prejudices and stereotypes about minorities. Making myself known about losses in my own life helps me to understand what past experiences or feelings are affecting my own values and thoughts today.

Communication Is The Essence Of Life English Language Essay

Communication Is The Essence Of Life English Language Essay Introduction: Any act by which one person gives to or receives from other person information about that persons needs, desires, perceptions, knowledge, or affective states. Communication may be intentional or unintentional, may involve conventional or unconventional signals, may take linguistic or nonlinguistic forms, and may occur through spoken or other modes.   Communication is the intercourse by words, letters or messages- Fred G. Meyer. Imagine a world without communication!  You have a brilliant plan with you but dont possess the power of communication. You have a strong wish for something, but cannot communicate your desires. Life would be dull, blank and the world would not be worth living. Such is the authority of communication. Communication is the essence of life: It is necessary to convey themselves, human beings need to communicate .An human being has to communicate to express his feelings, pass on information to the other human being and share his opinion and feelings. Types of Communication: There are four types of communication. Verbal Communication. Non Verbal communication Written commutation Visual Commutation Verbal Communication: Verbal communication which involves sound, words, languages and speaking. There are many languages spoken in the world such as Urdu, English, and French etc. The basic language arrangements are gender, class, profession, geographical, area age group and supplementary social fundamentals. Non Verbal Commutation: Non verbal communication involves physical behavior of communications such as tone of the voice , touch, smell and body motions. Creatives and visual non verbal communication such as singing, music, dancing and sculpturing Written Communication: Written communication is writing the words which you want to communicate .Good written communication is compulsory for businesses purpose .Written communication is practices in many different languages like E-mails, reports, articles and memos are some of the conduct of using written communication in business. Visual Communication: This is the last type of communication is the visual communication. Visual communication is visual demonstrate of information such as topography, Photography, sign, symbols, and designs. Television and videos clips are the electronic form of visual communication. Managerial Communication: Managerial communication is a function which helps managers communicate with each other as well as with employees within the organization Communication helps in the relocate of information from one party also called the sender to the other party is called receiver. Managerial Communication helps in the smooth flow of information between managers operational towards a common objective. The message has to be clear and well understood in helpful communication. The group members should recognize what their manager or team leader intends to communicate. Effective managerial communication enables the information to flow in its desired form among managers, team leaders and their respective teams. Managerial communication is of the following two types: Interpersonal Communication   Interpersonal communication normally takes place between two or more persons at the workplace. Organizational Communication   Communication taking place at all levels in the organization refers to managerial communication. behavior of Managerial Communication A successful manager is one who communicates successfully with his subordinates. It is really necessary for managers to converse their views undoubtedly for the group members to understand what exactly is likely out of them. Usually there are two ways managers communicate between themselves and with their subordinates: Verbal Communication: Communication done with the facilitate of the words is called verbal communication. No record is available in verbal communication. Managers must know how to communicate with the employees. He much select the right words while talking with group members. He tone of the voice should be polite and when manager is talking to the employees .They can understand easily what manager is say either they are confuse what manager is saying. Written Communications: Communications is done by emails, letters, reports, etc. Manager much knows how to write the letter or email to the employees. etc not to use color forts and also the size of the forts are same. Body Language: Manager must take care of their body language their appearance should b excellent. Manager should be friendly with the group member but not joking all the time. Managers have to maintain the standard. When the manager talk voice should be clear that everybody can hear and understand easily and most important thing is while he is talking or addressing the employees selection of words must be good. Organizational Communications: There are two types of organizational communication. Formal communication In formal communication Formal Communications: Commutation which fellow hierarchy at the work place. Employees much talk formally in the work place regarding the work done on time or not. Informal Communications: Mostly employees used to talk informally while they are having lunch or dinner or sitting together .E.g. planning for picnic or movie etc. Direction of Communications Flow: There are two types of direction of communication flow Upward communication Down ward communication. Upward Communications: Flow of the information from the employees towards managers .When employees share the view of the work nature, job, responsibilities and what they feel about the organization. Down ward communication: Down ward communication take place when the flow of the information from managers to workers. When manager give work to the employees is called down ward communication. Communications Barriers: There are a wide number of sources of noise or interference that can enter into the communication process which prevent the achievement of the desired result. There are five types of barriers. Language: Language is a big barrier in the communication like I speak Urdu and you speak Malaysian we cant talk to each other with a common language. We need translator or we can talk in common language like English Information Overload. If you are a manager of a company and you are taking to the workers which are not educated and you are telling them in good and selective word which they cant understand also communication barrier. Time pressure: You are manager of the company and you are addressing to the workers and you have only 15mins to say but you have to share the plane of the company and you are speaking fast .Few things are understand by the worker and they are confuse in few things is also the communication barrier. Emotions: You are sitting in the meeting and you gave work to the employees and they have to give output of the work but they are not able to give the result and you became angry and start shouting on him is also the communication barrier. Distraction / Noise: You are attending the formal meeting in the meeting room and discussing a serious issue and party is going on next to the meeting room and you also hear the noise of the cars and horn from the road and you are not concert at in the meeting is also the communication barrier. Recommendation: If you are on the manager post and you want to get more high post or you want to improve yourself to be a batter manager of the company so you have to learn at least 3 ways of communication skill which are as fellows. Clear communication: As a manager you must have to do clear management that everybody can understand easily and also when you are writing the letter to the employees you must know the art of writing the letter. Dont use color forts and different types of forts. Listen: As a manager you have to listen the employees .what they are saying is they are complaining or they want to share the information which is very important for the company .It is also your duty to listen the media and your competitors. This is important to improve your communication skills. Respect: As a manager you have to give respect to every employee in the organization either you are giving order to the employees. If a tense satiation is there you must be polite and dont disrespect the employees. This is also important for communication skills. Conclusion: Communication is very important in your life .Without communication we cant express your feelings. Sometimes communication barrier occurs so we cannot communicate with each other .Specially if your are working in the organization you much have to finish the communication barrier it is the betterment of the company .And for the manager s point of view they much improve their communication skills and body language of the manager should be excellent .Manager should be a role model he have the potential to work in the stress with patience.

The Abortion Debate :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

The Abortion Debate During the past quarter century, abortion has joined race and war as one of the most debatable subject of controversy in the United States. It discusses human interaction where ethics, emotions and law come together. Abortion poses a moral, social and medical dilemma that faces many individuals to create a emotional and violent atmosphere. There are many points of view toward abortion but the only two fine distinctions are "pro-choice" and "pro-life". A pro-choicer would feel that the decision to abort a pregnancy is that of the mothers and the state has no right to interfere. A pro-lifer would hold that from the moment of conception, the embryo or fetus is alive. This life imposes on us a moral obligation to preserve it and that abortion is tantamount to murder (Kolner 5). In the United States about 1.6 million pregnancies end in abortion. Women with incomes under eleven thousand are over three times more likely to abort than those with incomes above twenty-five thousand. Unmarried women are four to five times more likely to abort than married and the abortion rate has doubled for 18 and 19 year olds. Recently the U.S. rate dropped 6 percent overall but the rate of abortion among girls younger than 15 jumped 18 percent. The rate among minority teens climbed from 186 per 1,000 to 189 per 1,000. The most popular procedure involved in abortions is the vacuum aspiration which is done during the first trimester (three months or less since the women has become pregnant). A tube is simply inserted through the cervix and the contents of the uterus are vacuumed out. The most commonly used type of second trimester abortion is called dilation and evacuation. Since the fetus has bones, bulk and can move, second trimester is not as simple. When as much of the fetus and placenta are vacuumed out then tweezers are used to remove larger parts. After this, or the beginning of the fifth month abortion is serious and actually induced as childbirth. That is, the mother is given substances which puts her into labor and delivers the fetus as she would a full-term baby. About 40 percent of Americans believe that abortion should remain legal and 40 percent believe it should be banned except when the pregnancy threatens the life of the mother or is the result of rape or incest.

Winter Olympics :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Welcome to the 2002 winter Olympics men’s bobsledding finals. We have gone though many icy events today but one of my personal favorites, bobsledding, is now ready to rumble. We will be going though three different rounds. All four competitors will race against the clock. The three teams with the lowest combined time will move on while the last remaining team will be eliminated. They will move on to two more final race which their scores will be combined to receive the metals. On track one is the Jamaican team coached by Lamar Dabua and is sponsored by the Coconut Canyon. On track two is the two time finalist the U.S.A team looking for that third chance for the gold and is coached by Bob Morin. On track three is a beginning team for Brazil that is coached by Travair Lapidaz which commented that the team feels they are lucky to have gotten this far and are still going to make this sport fun with a competitive attitude. And on the final track are Norway†™s finest bobsledders that are coached by Brillin Concoordz. These teams will be racing down an icy track at speeds well over 90 mph. All teams have a regulated sled for fair speeds. As we get ready to start we ask all contestants to have a good attitude and good luck to you all. The flag is now rising. And they are off. Down the tasks they go. Now zooming as fast as speeds of lightning. So far it is close. They still have mileage to go. Here they go rounding the biggest and the sharpest corner of them all. From here it looks like the U.S.A team is ahead but very close behind is the Jamaican team. The Norway team looks like they are getting off balance. Yes, they are. It looks like they are going to tip. They are! We are having paramedics down there right away. Now the three teams that are competing are getting more and more spread apart. With the U.S.A team still in the lead there is no question that things could go wrong and turn this race around. Speaking of that, it looks like the all teammates of Norway has successfully gotten out with no broken bones but I’m sure they will be a few cuts and browses. All teams that are still racing will move on and yes, Norway team is eliminated.

How employable individuals turn their focus to start-ups

How employable persons turn their focal point to start-ups?An Empirical Study on Factors Motivating Business Students to Travel to the Entrepreneurial SectorAbstract.This exploratory survey is efforts to analyze how employable persons turn their focal point to start-ups. Today, bulk of employees still rehearse a more or less self-protective scheme. In this paper the research worker has reported on the consequences of an empirical survey of factors actuating degreed possible employees to travel to self enterprising. The make up one's minding factors to go an enterpriser and of sustainable employment-oriented factors to be analyzed in order to detect how they differ. Participants consisted of 200 pupils from Malaysia entered concluding twelvemonth of concern undergraduate and graduate student plans. Self-administered questionnaires were used to garner informations on factors and types of relationships act uponing calling pick and entrepreneurial purpose. The consequences will function as a footing for betterment of employment patterns and assuring entrepreneurial course of study in universities to back up start-ups in making sustainable concerns.1. IntroductionToday, employees still act in conformity with employers ‘ official contracts and non doing attempts to pull prioritise attending from local independent concern proprietors. This paper ‘s chief purpose is to take a fresh expression into alumnuss ‘ outlook on the factors actuating employees when sing exchanging occupations if employed and to place the degree of involvement as they commence and develop entrepreneurial ventures. The survey chiefly examined why pupils decide to go enterprisers, hence, seven chief issues associated with alumnuss ‘ motive as they established, driving and developing their concerns, these being chosen following a procedure of pilot perusal of graduating pupils.2. Review of Literature2.1. OverviewA figure of research workers have attempted to see factors such as gender, grade point norm, continuance and field of survey and entrepreneurial household background as of import factors impacting pupils ‘ perceptual experience and attitudes towards the chance of new ain concern formation, and some of these factors clearly enhance or inhabit such inclination ( Oakey, Mukhtar and Kipling, 2002 ) .2.2.MotivationCoevals of start up thoughts have been explored by a figure of research workers. Opportunity acknowledgment is dependent on whether the enterpriser was extrinsically stimulated. A taking entrepreneurship text has recognised the â€Å"important deductions for enterprisers who need to be originative in their thinking† and of the construct that creativeness can be learned or enhanced ( Timmons & A ; Spinelli, 2008 ) . The three types of chances designation to the field of entrepreneurship as established by Sarasvathy, Dew, Velamuri, and Venkataraman ( 2003 ) are recognized, discovered and created. There are assorted motivations to get down a new venture. Harmonizing to Amit, McCrimmon, Zietsma and Oesch ( 2001 ) , money is of import but non needfully most of import. They argue that some of the cardinal non-monetary motivations for get downing up a concern include the wish to be independent and the combination of work and family duties. These start-up motivations may hold of import effects for the grade of ( over ) optimism that characterizes ( assuring ) enterprisers. For illustration, if an enterpriser is chiefly driven by wealth creative activity, it may be expected that ( s ) he is more likely to be disappointed if the turnover in the first twelvemonth is comparatively low. If the enterpriser is driven by the want to be independent, ( s ) he may be unpleasantly surprised by the strong trust upon a limited figure of clients or the bank. If the primary start-up motivation is working a sensed chance, the enterpriser may be faced with other people who came up with the same thought or perchance an overestimated market demand for the ( new ) merchandise. Gilad and Levine ( 1986 ) , agreed in their analysis on intrinsic and extrinsic that there are favoritism between start-up motivations. Intrinsic motivations include the desire for independency and uniting work with attention for household members. Entrepreneurs who are driven by such motivations will likely be less inclined to put unrealistically high monetary ends. Extrinsic motivations include two classs: pull and push factors. An chance of sensed net income is an of import pull factor of entrepreneurship, while ( the menace of ) unemployment is a well-known push factor. Sing the development of chances, As Hayward, Shepherd and Griffin ( 2006 ) argued, instigators of new ventures with overconfident will put to death excessively much capital to the chances. If enterprisers are ‘blinded ‘ by their ain thoughts and neglect to adequately measure the competition and the ( possible ) jobs to transform the chance into a profitable venture, over optimism is around the corner. Those who under employment or unemployment, belief that making new concerns assuring more expected public-service corporation ( Douglas & A ; Shepherd, 2000 ; Van Praag & A ; Cramer, 2001 ) .3. MethodologyGartner ( 1989 ) proposed that a common restriction of surveies into the forecasters of entrepreneurial purposes is the failure of research workers to take samples that are ( 1 ) comprised entirely of people who are serious about entrepreneurship and ( 2 ) who are in the procedure of doing the determination to go involved in making a new concern. Krueger, Reilly and Carsrud ( 2000 ) find that surveies consisting samples of upper-division college pupils can bring out job-related penchants at a clip when respondents are fighting with of import calling determinations. Therefore, it is acceptable and appropriate to look into entrepreneurial purpose using a sample of upper-class college pupils. ( Brice and Nelson, 2008 ) , it is of import to observe that the population of involvement in their survey consists of persons who perceive that they will go enterprisers and non needfully merely those who will really go enterprisers. This difference is important because while actions has been demonstrated to be predicted by purposes. Therefore, the focal point of this research remains at the entrepreneurial purposes degree of analysis. The sample chosen consists of graduate student and undergraduate concern grade plan pupils who were approaching graduation. When pupils contemplate graduation, they may besides develop immediate calling programs and long-range ends. The respondents are those from the concern subjects because, based on their subject involvement, they have already decided to prosecute business-related callings. For that ground, a homogenous sampling of university college pupils was included in this survey. This survey sample consisted of 200 pupils from University Colleges in Malaysia who participated using a structured questionnaire informations aggregation methodological analysis. Subjects consisted of concluding ( 3rd ) twelvemonth concern undergraduates and concluding twelvemonth Master of Business Administration ( MBA ) pupils in the concentrations of direction. They were appropriate chiefly because their academic concentration implied that they had serious involvement in prosecuting a concern cal ling. Based on literatures to set up the major feelings and spheres associated with start up purposes, the research worker has gathered his ain study instrument with a series of 29 employment -self employment related motivational points that could be practicably responded by pupils. The 7 chief subjects covered by the study inquiries include house and proprietor features ; involvement to start-up ; motive to exchange occupation if employed ; calling preferred timing and industry ; medium for seeking employment: desire and chance of wagess and chance ; standards of taking employers. Many of the points overlapped conceptually, but one of the purposes of the pilot survey was to pare the survey points after finding which preeminent represented the concepts. The research worker contacted pupils straight via targeted groups of respondents list arising from the Faculty of their academic major plan. Responses were gathered on a 5-point Likert graduated table runing from 1 = â€Å"extremely undesi rable† to 5 = â€Å"extremely desirable.† and entire graduated table mark was obtained by averaging the nine inquiries. Any points with a negative valency were rearward coded so that higher tonss were declarative of favourable entrepreneurial -related motives. Table 1, shows the hypotheses to be tested in this survey.4. Analysis and ConsequencesStudents ‘ primary motives to start-up were probed one time all the related information from the respondents was wholly obtained. In order to set up instrument dependability, Cronbach ‘s coefficient alpha was computed. The dependability coefficient was 0.71 which indicates that the instrument was dependable in its measuring of determiners for start ups. Information refering to each respondent ‘s age, gender, and expected wage was obtained to utilize as control variables in the analysis. Each of these control variables was recorded as non-continuous, categorical forecasters. Then, informations decrease technique is used to blossom the information embedded in the study informations. Hypothesis 1: Purpose for independent concern start-ups is higher than fall ining established houses After riddance of topics with study questionnaires were merely partly completed, the concluding sample totalled 196 pupils. As shown in Table 2, this sample was every bit represented between the genders, dwelling of 107 ( 54.6 % ) males and 89 ( 45.4 % ) females. Subjects were chiefly graduating undergraduate concern pupils ( 65.8 % ) and graduating postgraduate pupils ( 34.2 % ) . In fact, there were 129 unmarried man degree pupils who aged below 25 old ages than MBA pupils who aged 26 and supra. The bulk of topics were anticipating salary between RM5001- RM15000 ( 56.2 % ) which is non in conformity or earnable with employment even in established houses. Students ‘ responses for researching into entrepreneurial sector were gathered on a 5-point Likert graduated table runing from 1 = â€Å"Very Keen† to 5 = â€Å"Not interested at all.† Since the mean, average and mode values are really near to each other, it shows the information is symmetrical. The mean for the 196 pupils is 2.08 with a standard divergence of 1.088. The Trimmed average value of 2.01 is similar to the mean above. Hence, shows there are no outliers in the information set. In this study, since the sample size is 196, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov trial is used. The p-value of the trial is less than 0.001. Hence, the information is non distributed normal. Of the 196 pupils, 77 ( 39.3 % ) really enthusiastic towards start-ups, 52 ( 26.5 % ) tidal bore to start-up, 46 ( 23.5 % ) open to any chance, and 16 ( 8.2 % ) to see start-up option. Out of entire, 5 ( 2.6 % ) prefer employment. Since the correlativity value is within 0.5 to 0.8, start-up purpose among degree pupils is said to correlate â€Å"adequately† with at least one other variables in the concept. In this study, the KMO value is 0.819, which is considered good. Bartlett ‘s trial of sphericalness is used to analyze whether the correlativity matrix is an individuality matrix. Identity matrix can be ruled out if the p-value of the trial is less than 0.05 ( Karuthan and Krishna, 2009 ) . In this theoretical account, since the p-value is less than 0.001, the research worker returns with factor analysis. Since the research worker wanted to analyze the implicit in concept among the six variables: Curiosity, Interest, Consideration, Preparation, Puting Up and Start-up Timing. This is a individual implicit in construct ; hence, it is called the â€Å"Start-up Intent Structure† . Since the â€Å"Start-up Intent Structure† varies from individual to individual, it is a variable excessively. However, it can non be measured by physical agencies. Hence, it is called a latent variable or merely factor. The theoretical account for â€Å"Start-up Intent Structure† is given in Figure 4. In Figure 4, one can visualise six coincident arrested development maps: Curiosity, Interest, Consideration, Preparation, Puting Up and Start-up Timing as the dependants and â€Å"Start-up Intent Structure† as the independent. Curiosity = L1 ? â€Å"Start-up Intent Structure† + e1 Interest = L2 ? â€Å"Start-up Intent Structure† + e2 Consideration = L3 ? â€Å"Start-up Intent Structure† + e3 Preparation = L4 ? â€Å"Start-up Intent Structure† + e4 Puting Up = L5 ? â€Å"Start-up Intent Structure† + e5, Start-up Timing = L6 ? â€Å"Start-up Intent Structure† + e6 where Li ‘s are called the factor burdens and ei ‘s are the mistake footings. Table 4.1, since there are 6 variables in this analysis, 6 constituents ( or factors ) are listed in the first column. The several Eigen values and per centum of discrepancy explained are provided in the following two columns. For Factor 1, the Eigen value is 3.109 and the discrepancy is 51.811 % of the entire discrepancy. For factor 3, 4,5 and 6 the Eigen value is less than the default value of 1. In the same tabular array, under â€Å"Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings† , merely two factors are listed, matching to the factors for which the Eigen values is more than 1. Based on the cumulative % column, these factors explain 68.792 % of the entire discrepancy in the 6 original variables. Harmonizing to Karuthan and Krishna, ( 2009 ) established that, in societal scientific disciplines, at least 50 % of the entire discrepancy in the variables in analysis must be explained by the factor of factors. In this study, a individual factor extracted explains more than 50 % of the enti re discrepancy in the original variables. Hypothesis 2: Motivations to exchange occupation if employed in constituted houses associated with independent concern start-ups One manner Analysis of Variance is used to prove if there is a difference in agencies between motive variables. Based on Kruskal Wallis Test ( Table 5 ) for the average ranks, evidently, the degreed pupils are looking for a more ambitious calling in footings of expanded range of work, more duties and alteration in calling way rank much higher compared to the pupils who looking to fall in a more constituted and stable administrations. On the other manus, 82.20 % pupils feel that they need to get away from unfavorable office working environment such as non happy with equals, foremans, office political relations and etc. Table 3.1, supports pupils involvement, whereby 97.4 cumulative per centum and average rank shown chance of sing the new concern start-up. Table 6, the p-value for the Levene ‘s trial for equality of discrepancy is 0.000, which is less than 0.05. Therefore, equality of discrepancies is non assumed. Table 7 depicts that the F-value is 3.933 and the grades of freedoms are 7 and 188. A little F statistic implies that the difference between group means is little and, therefore, it could be concluded that there is no difference between the group means. The p-value of the trial is 0.000, which is less than 0.05 and the eta-squared value of 0.128, which is less than 0.15, hence, at least one brace of agencies differ significantly. Therefore there is a demand to place the brace that differs significantly. In this instance nonparametric trial is performed. Based on Kruskal Wallis Test, the p-value of this trial is 0.000, which is less than 0.05. Therefore, at least one ground differs in footings of motive towards self-employment instead employment. From the mean of all motive concepts, it could be argued that most pupils are acute to get down their ain concern ( average rank 109.37 ) and the chief motivation for start-up instead than sing employment is looking for more ambitious calling ( average rank = 110.89 ) , followed by working environment grounds ( average rank = 82.20 ) and the demand for fiscal security ( average rank = 68.96 ) . The research worker identified two types of possible enterprisers depending upon their intents at the clip of get downing the concern: foremost â€Å" self-acting † who placed high precedence on non holding to work for others, and secondly, â€Å"company-men † who builds the organisation. This research obtains interesting findings and makes of import tri-party parts for pupils as future enterprisers, for policy shapers in big established companies and for the decision-makers or course of study interior decorators of universities. As the consequences have shown, the motive that encourages pupils to get down up a new concern, their wonder with the thought of the new concern or the difficult work they are willing to set in readying phase of the new concern, along with their start-up timing, are cardinal in the start up of the new concerns. Detecting this rule, the new concerns are formed non merely by those alumnuss who can make it, nevertheless, by the alumnuss who to make it matching with those who have the â€Å"acquired eagerness† to make that. However, policy shapers in established companies need to guarantee that their employees working in a contributing office working environment with concentrating more on employee relationship direction. That likely will f orestall employees to exchange occupation looking for favorable working environment which free of office political relations. Within this model, pedagogues are playing a really of import function. Recently, Malayan universities and governmental organic structures have made attempts which include classs on new venture creative activity, nevertheless, it is non sufficient since the topic is non practiced or implemented from the lowest degrees of schooling.4. RecognitionsA particular thanks is due to the Dean of Business and Accountancy Faculty without whose openness and fairness this research would hold been impossible.

Truancy

Topic 3 Truancy  is any intentional unauthorized or illegal absence from  compulsory schooling. In Malaysia truancy problem is a phenomenon among primary and secondary school students. According to Datuk Dr Wee Ka Siong, reported in The News Strait Times article entitled â€Å"Study on truancy – Education Ministry† dated January, 17 2012, â€Å"A total of 110,218 students were involved in disciplinary problems. Of that figure, 72,873 were from secondary level and 37,345 from primary schools,† students were involved in disciplinary problems are rising.Reported in The News Strait Times a survey conducted by the ministry, 58. 85 per cent of truancy cases last year involved students in rural areas, as compared with 41. 15 per cent in cities. In my opinion, actions that should be imposed by the Ministry of Education to solve the problem of truancy among Malaysian school students are improve the academic approach, law enforcement authorities and organize talk or ca mpaign. First, Ministry of Education should improve the academic approach. This can be done by increasing compulsory activities such as academic and semi-academic co-curriculum in schools.Ministry of Education can improve by changing the teaching techniques such as gaming and simulation, drama, role playing and use of technology and instructional resources. Teaching with difference technique can attract students and they will not feel bored on their study. Second, authorities should enforce the law among the students who are truancy. For example, areas of existing police powers should be used by school administrators in disciplining students. The administration should take the opportunity to refer problem student to the police. After enforcing this law, students will be alert from work against this thing.Beside, Ministry of Education may organize some talks and campaign about the disadvantage of truancy. There are kind of campaigns such as â€Å"Zero Truancy Campaign†. With t his students will know the effect of truancy to their study and also their future. In my conclusion, government and the school administration should co-operate to control the phenomenon. The truancy would affect the future of the youngsters and cause social issues in the society.References: National Center for Mental Health Promotion and Youth Violence Prevention http://www. promoteprevent. org/publications/prevention-briefs/truancy-prevention